HUMAN ANOTOMY

                                      "Galen" is Greek Medical Scientist. He observes different living animals with their inner parts then he write a book on Human Anatomy so , we can called "galen " is the  father  of  Anatomy.  In Human Anotomy we observe whats the living organism and Iternal works of different parts in our body like Eye, Ear, Brain and systems like digestion, circulation and the  Skeletal System.  It is most  useful  science in the Medical Analysis.  As  a  Human Being we will learn  a  small  things  in  the  internal  parts  of our body. Anatomy  The  parathyroid  glands, usually four  in  number,  are small structures adhering to or even imbedded in the substance of the thyroid  gland.  It  is  not  surprising, therefore,  that  they  were  recognized  as  distinct  endocrine  organs  rather late in the history of endocrinology, first described by a Swedish anatomist,  Ivar Sandström,  in 1880. At the beginning of the 20th century,  symptoms due to parathyroid deficiency were attributed to the absence of the thyroid  since  the  surgical  removal of one was frequently accompanied  by the inadvertent  removal of the others.  In  1909  an  American  pathologist, William  G. MacCallum,   recognized that  parathyroid  deficiency  could be mitigated  by  the  injection of calcium  salts,  and  not  until 1925 was an active parathyroid extract prepared by a Canadian biochemist, James B. Collip. In 1925 an Austrian surgeon, Felix Mandl, was the first to remove a parathyroid tumour from a patient, and thereafter this and related subjects were extensively explored by the American clinical endocrinologist Fuller Albright. so, BSP expalins about inner parts of Human body with 3-d models and also Explain about the Human Anotomy.

BSP contains

                      * 3-D models describing       :  The Internal Structures of  Eye, Ear, Brain and the System like digestion, circulation and 
                                                                                       the skeletal systems.

                     * Descriptive painting            : Giving the full fledged information about the anatomy of the above

EPIDEMICS

                                EPIDIMICS  an  occurrence  of  disease  that  is  temporarily  of high prevalence. An epidemic occurring over a wide geographical  area  is  called  a  pandemic. The  rise  and  decline  in   epidemic  prevalence  of  an  infectious  disease  is  a  probability phenomenon  dependent  upon  transfer of an  effective  dose  of the infectious agent from an infected individual to a  susceptible  one. After  an  epidemic  has  subsided,  the  affected host population contains a sufficiently small  proportion of susceptible individuals that reintroduction  of  the  infection  will  not  result  in  a  new  epidemic.  Since  the parasite  population cannot reproduce itself in such a host population, the host population as a whole is immune to the epidemic disease, a phenomenon termed herd immunity. Following an epidemic,  however,  the  host  population  tends  to revert to a condition of susceptibility because of: (1) the deterioration of individual immunity; (2) the removal of immune individuals by death; and (3) the influx of susceptible individuals by birth. In time the population as a whole again becomes susceptible. The time elapsing between successive epidemic peaks is variable and differs from one disease to another. By the late 20th century the definition of epidemic had been extended to include outbreaks of any chronic disease ( e.g., heart disease or cancer) influenced by the environment. The term epidemic is sometimes reserved for disease among  human beings; in such instances the term used for animals other than man is epizootic.

BSP Charts Providing

                 * Bio- Visual charts showing     : Casues, Symptoms and precautions of diseases like AIDS, CANCER, TB etc., 

EMBRYOLOGY

                                        EMBRYOLOGY the study of the formation and development of an embryo and fetus. Before widespread use of the  microscope  and  the advent of cellular biology in the 19th century, embryology was based on descriptive and comparative studies. From  the  time  of  the  Greek  philosopher  "Aristotle"  it  was  debated  whether  the embryo  was  preformed,  miniature  individual (homunculus) or an  undifferentiated  form that  gradually  became  specialized.  Supporters  of the latter theory included Aristotle; the English physician William Harvey, who labeled the theory epigenesis; the German physician Caspar Friedrick Wolff;  and the Prussian-Estonian scientist Karl Ernst, Ritter von Baer, who proved epigenesis with his discovery of the  mammalian ovum (egg) in 1827. Other pioneers were the French  scientists Pierre Belon  and  Marie-François-Xavier Bichat.  Baer, who helped popularize Christian Heinrich Pander's 1817 discovery of primary germ layers, laid the foundations of modern comparative embryology in his landmark two-volume work Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere (1828-37; "On the Development of Animals"). Another  formative  publication  was A Treatise on Comparative Embryology (1880-91) by the  British  zoologist  Frances  Maitland  Balfour. Further research on embryonic development  was  conducted  by  the  German  anatomists  Martin  H. Rathke  and Wilhelm Roux and also by the American scientist Thomas Hunt Morgan.  Roux,  noted for his pioneering studies on frog eggs (beginning in 1885), became the founder of experimental embryology.  The  principle  of  embryonic  induction  was  studied  by  the  German embryologists Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch, who furthered Roux's research on frog eggs in the 1890s, and Hans Spemann, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1935.  Ross G. Harrison was an American biologist noted for his work on tissue culture.

                                      Normally we can recognise an animal of a praticular group only in its adult stage. It is because at this phase of life  an  animal  manifests  the characterstic from in appearance, shape and size specific for a group of a species. It also draws your attention by  moving  and  behaveing in its own way in the habitat it lives in. But it begins it s life quite early as an inconspicuous, tiny and very often, non-motile form. All multicelluar metazoan animal which reproduce sexually start their life as a single cell.  This cell is product of union of two cells - the male and the female sex cells(gametes).  In this view BSP provides nine months of man 3-d model exhibiting under embryology.

BSP contain following Models

                 *3-D models exhibiting         :  The developmental stages of a human Embryo from one to Nine Months

TOXICOLOGY

                                         TOXICOLOGY study of poisons and their effects, particularly on living systems. Because many substances are known to be poisonous to life (whether plant, animal,  or  microbial),  toxicology is a broad field,  overlapping  biochemistry,  histology, pharmacology,  pathology,  and  many  other  disciplines.  The  study  and  classification  of toxic substances was first systematized by Matthieu Orfila (1787-1853) in the 19th century. Traditionally,  the  toxicologist's functions have been to identify poisons and to search for antidotes and other means of treating toxic injuries. An area related to the ancient practice of toxicology, forensic toxicology, dealing with  the  criminal  use  of  poisons,  also  has  a  long history. With the proliferation of new, potentially toxic substances, however, the practical applications  of  toxicology  have  multiplied.  In  the  ecological  sciences, toxicologists  play  a  part  in  the identification and elimination   of   environmental contaminants.  Evaluation  of  occupational  exposure  to  toxic  substances  is  another aspect  of   the toxicologist's work. In the United States toxicologists work with the federal government's Food and Drug Administration, attempting to identify potential dangers to public health posed by chemical additives in food and cosmetics; along with pharmacologists, toxicologists also participate in the safety testing of new drugs .

BSP have below Paintings

                            * Toxics generated in excretory system of Living beings are shown in descriptive paintings

GENETICS

                                        Since  prehistoric  times, man  has  recognized  the  influence  of heredity  and  has  applied  its  principles to the improvement  of cultivated crops and domestic  animals. A Babylonian tablet more than 6,000 years old, for example, shows pedigrees of horses  and  indicates  possible  inherited  characteristics;  other  old  carvings show cross-pollination of date palm trees. Most of the mechanisms of  heredity,  however, remained  a  mystery  until  the  20th  century,  when  scientifically supported information became available.  Genetics  may  be  defined  as  the study of the way in which genes operate and the way in which they are transmitted from parents  to offspring.  Modern genetics  involves  study  of  the  mechanism  of  gene  action--the  way  in  which  the genetic  material (deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA)  affects  physiological  reactions within the cell.  Although  genes  determine the features an individual may develop,  the  features that  actually  develop  depend upon the complex interaction between genes and their environment. Normal green plants, for example, have  genes  containing  the  information necessary  to synthesize the chlorophyll that gives them their green colour, and  chlorophyll is  synthesized  in  an  environment  containing  light; i.e.,  the gene for chlorophyll is expressed. If the plant is  placed  in  a  dark  environment,  chlorophyll  synthesis  stops; i.e.,  the gene is no longer expressed. Genetics overlaps many different  branches  of  biology  and  many  other  sciences;  e.g., chemistry,   physics,   mathematics,   sociology,  psychology,   and   medicine. Microbiologists who study inheritance in microorganisms are called microbial geneticists; cytologists who study the genetics of cells are called cytogeneticists.  Biochemical,  or molecular,  geneticists  investigate  the  chemical  nature of the gene and its methods of action. Some  physicists  have  applied  their  techniques  to molecular  genetics,  and  mathematicians  may  specialize  in population genetics. Behavioral scientists also look to genetics to solve certain problems of human and animal behaviour. Specialists in medical genetics or genetic counselling act on the knowledge that many of man's afflictions are hereditary .

BSP Models & Paintings:                           

                            * Models incorporating                    : The biochemical basis of heredity in DNA and RNA
                            * Self Explanatory charts                  : Illustrating specific amino acid sequence in proteins, Genetic Code,
                                                                              chromosomal Aberrations, and Mutations .